Meanwhile, snowball sampling is said to over represent those interviewees (and their respective networks) that the interviewer spoke with first; the relevant literature refers to this as ‘anchoring’ [20, 39]. A …, Your email address will not be published. Data Collection, Knowing Research, Sampling Our data suggest that persistence can indeed enhance sample diversity, but we can also conclude that excessive persistence does not necessarily yield dividends. This video explains sampling criteria nd strategies in qualitative research.00.34 Purposive sampling introduction and explanation, it involves selected rich . It is noteworthy that the three different seeds in Fig 4 include interviews in all interviewee categories, including the sub-category ‘dam developer’ (the sole exception is the interviewee category ‘international NGO, which contains zero interviews for RB). Snowball sampling is a recruitment technique in which research participants are asked to assist researchers in identifying other potential subjects. To address this criticism, we reviewed the (scarce) literature on enhancing sample diversity via snowball sampling procedures prior to commencing our study. 20. The use of currently enrolled research participants to recruit additional research participants (sometimes referred to as "the snowball sampling") may be approved by the IRB under some circumstances. Therefore, it is hard to decide what proportion of the sample will represent the population. It is acknowledged, however, that building a snowball sample from cold calls is particularly labour-intensive [39]: in our research, only 25% of our cold calls led to an interview, compared to 62% of the referrals. We typically sent a reminder after one week if no response was obtained upon the first reach-out. d. Snowball Sampling i. Snowball sampling (also called network, chain referral, or reputational sampling) is a method for identifying and sampling the cases in a network. For instance, one Chinese dam developer challenged a claim from numerous NGOs that his company would not engage with NGOs, which, in turn, allowed us to present a more balanced portrayal of the interplay between Chinese dam developers and NGOs. tweet; Snowball sampling is a type of non-random sampling technique. Significant differences in the value of referrals persist from one interviewee group to another (Fig 3). Of our 81 interviewees, only 24 (30%) were women. While our data does not suggest that excessive persistence is helpful to researchers, it may also not be recommended for ethical reasons. Snowball sampling is most common among researchers who seek to conduct qualitative research with hard-to-reach groups. Judgment sampling c. Snowball sampling d. Quota sampling 3. Julian Kirchherr, - Convenience sampling is considered the most appropriate method of selecting sample members. as single-case (holistic and embedded), multi-case, and a snowball or network sampling procedure. In spite of these concerns, nonprobability sampling provides an appropriate means by which qualitative researchers can study specific groups, recruit elusive populations, and conduct exploratory research. •Rather we want to reach people within the study area The explanations below are meant to help you understand the reasons for using each method. .hide-if-no-js { PLOS ONE promises fair, rigorous peer review, The third edition of this best-selling text guides students and researchers through the process of doing qualitative research, clearly explaining how different theoretical approaches inform what you do in practice. The remaining two interviews with dam developers were conducted in the second wave. This is known as snowball sampling (Marshall, 1996). PLoS ONE 13(8): Qualitative research is designed to explore the human elements of a given topic, while specific qualitative methods examine how individuals see and experienc . Our data on persistence provide some evidence that those employing or intending to employ snowball sampling can enhance sample diversity if every reach-out is carefully tracked and followed by a reminder. Sampling Knowledge: The Hermeneutics of Snowball Sampling in Qualitative Research. This insight helped us to develop a narrative of the campaign that was not skewed to the later days of the campaign and the activists prominent in these later days. After a favourable ethics review of our study by the CUREC of the University of Oxford, we commenced semi-structured interviews in April 2015, mostly via cold calls (we include cold e-mails in the term ‘cold calls’ throughout this paper). saturation. display: none !important; Our data show some evidence that, for our topic of study, pursuing interviews for even a few waves provided the perspectives of particularly difficult-to-reach populations and thus achieved sample diversity. We map this data in Fig 6, with the left side depicting our success rate in relation to the number of reach-outs (either one, two or three) and the right side depicting a deep dive on success rates achieved with two reach-outs (distinguishing between reach-out attempts to unknown potential interviewees and those to whom we were referred by other interviewees). To gauge the network premium, we subtracted the cold call response rate (i.e., the number of interviews initiated via cold calls divided by the total number of cold calls) from the referral response rate (i.e. These analyses are based on reach-outs to 211 individuals via snowball sampling for a research project on anti-dam movements in Southeast Asia, resulting in 81 interviews conducted between April and August 2015. (1) Number of reach-outs unknown for 32 reach-outs. A medium-N analysis is generally based on 10–100 cases, whereas anecdotal evidence is usually based only on a handful of cases [23, 24]. (2008). Some respondents may not be willing to participate and hence make it difficult for the researcher to find other. Katrina Charles, Roles broad scope, and wide readership – a perfect fit for your research every time. Yes Researchers grounded in quantitative thinking, such as Lijphart [37] and King et al. "The first encyclopedia to cover inclusively both quantitative and qualitative research approaches, this set provides clear explanations of 1,000 methodologies, avoiding mathematical equations when possible with liberal cross-referencing ... While personal or professional contacts maintained to the research population of interest can accelerate the research endeavour, our results also showcase that (at least for our topic of interest) a diverse sample can be built from cold calls if a researcher is willing to invest some time in reach-outs. Copyright © 2010 ResarchArticles.com | All rights reserved. Snowball sampling in qualitative research refers to. 9. RB conducted 57% of interviews, whose background is closest to local NGOs, were with local NGOs. Historically, snowball sampling has been used in qualitative research where a qualified subject is contacted by the researcher and a social . Under this method, the informants used by the researcher in carrying . Division of Academic and Student Affairs Office of Assessment Sampling Procedure 1 of 2 Sampling Procedure Definition • Sample: a portion of the entire group (called a population) • Sampling procedure: choosing part of a population to use to test hypotheses about the entire population. The researchers usually start with a small number of initial contacts (seeds), who fit the research criteria and are invited to become participants within the research. Qualitative research was deemed suitable for this research project as the purpose of . If you're interested in researching a specific group of people, like restaurant managers or crime victims, you need to recruit participants for your study. The procedures of chain referral sampling are not self-evident or obvious. Our analysis provides evidence that sample diversity can be reached even if no prior personal or professional contacts to the population of interest have been retained. Methods This paper is a descriptive review of previous research papers. In this study, we performed the first quantitative, medium-N analysis of snowball sampling to identify pathways to sample diversity, analysing 211 reach-outs conducted via snowball sampling, resulting in 81 interviews; these interviews were administered between April and August 2015 for a research project on anti-dam movements in Southeast Asia. Due to the diversity of perspectives gathered, this knowledge would be particularly valuable for an in-depth and contextualised exploration of a central phenomenon. the seed of the interview pathway was a contact we had already retained prior to the research project). Snowball sampling is best used in contexts with a specific and relatively small population that is difficult to identify or locate. The earliest empirical account of snowball sampling is from 1955 [33], with snowball sampling first described as a method in 1958 [34]. No, Is the Subject Area "Surveys" applicable to this article? We wish to thank our reviewers at PLOS ONE who provided constructive thoughts on this piece of work. thirty two b. Probability Sampling i. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0201710.g007. From a qualitative perspective, ‘validity’ can be defined as ‘the correctness or credibility of a description, conclusion, explanation, interpretation or other sort of account’ ([45], p. 87), while quantitative researchers frequently use the terms ‘generalisability’ and ‘(external) validity’ interchangeably [46, 47]. Throughout this paper, we employ social science methodology terminology. Dozens of purposive sampling strategies have been . This research describes snowball sampling as a purposeful method of data collection in qualitative research. Presents each concept comprehensively yet critically, alongside relevant examples. This is not quite an encyclopaedia but far more than a dictionary. It is comprehensive yet brief. It is small and neat, easy to hold and flick through. Background and Objectives: Snowball sampling is applied when samples with the target characteristics are not easily accessible. "This text has a large emphasis on mixed methods, examples relating to health research, new exercises pertaining to health research, and an introduction on qualitative and mixed methods in public health. First, it may limit the researcher's capacity to point to the transferability of data. Introduction. The article provides the description and comparison of two non-random samplings which are snowball or chain referral sampling and sequential sampling. Thus, the researcher's sample builds and becomes . Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands, Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Because of its non-probability nature, it is one of the best data collection techniques for exploratory or qualitative research. If so, this is the book for you! With straight-forward guidance on research design and data collection, as well as social network analysis, this book takes you start to finish through the whole process of doing network research. Informativo DT: Números consolidados de 2019 (Anual), Informativo DT: Conheça os Números de 2020 (Anual), Informativo DT: Conheça os Números de 2020.2, Informativo DT: Conheça os Números de 2019 (Anual), Informativo DT: Conheça os Números de 2019.2, Informativo DT: Conheça os Números de 2018 (Anual), PROF DR ALAÉRCIO APARECIDO DE OLIVEIRA CB 001, ABNT - Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas. Indeed, all 10 interviews only carried out upon the second reach-out were interviews with interviewees in management positions. Qualitative research deals with data collected in narrative form which requires an in-depth knowledge in selecting appropriate sampling techniques and data collection methods.
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snowball sampling qualitative research